Alzheimer’s disease, which affects millions worldwide, causes a slow decline in memory, thinking, and behavior. Many people turn to supplements and vitamins in hopes of preventing the condition or slowing its progression. But can supplements truly make a difference? Here are eight facts to help you understand the potential benefits and risks of supplements for Alzheimer’s disease.

1. Vitamin E May Offer Limited Benefits

Vitamin E is known for its antioxidant properties. This can protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress, a known factor in Alzheimer’s. Some studies suggest that vitamin E may help slow cognitive decline in people with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s. However, the evidence remains mixed.

Possible Benefits

Some research indicates that vitamin E could slow progression of cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. It may help protect brain cells from damage.

Cautions

The evidence supporting vitamin E supplements is not strong enough to recommend it universally for Alzheimer’s treatment or prevention. Additionally, high doses of vitamin E may pose risks, such as increased likelihood of bleeding and heart-related issues.

2. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Are Promising, but Results Are Inconsistent

Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fish and algal oil supplements, are thought to improve brain health due to their anti-inflammatory properties. These supplements have gained attention for their potential role in preventing Alzheimer’s.

Cognitive Benefits

Some research suggests that omega-3s may improve cognitive function in certain people, especially those who already have higher baseline cognitive performance. Omega-3s also have been linked to a reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease in some studies.

Mixed Evidence

However, clinical trials have produced mixed results. Some studies show no significant improvement in cognitive outcomes for those taking omega-3 supplements, leading researchers to conclude that more robust evidence is needed.

For people with a family history of Alzheimer’s, adding omega-3-rich foods like salmon or flaxseed to their diet might be beneficial. However, it’s important to understand that these supplements are not a guaranteed way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease.

3. Ginkgo Biloba Has Little Proof of Benefit

Ginkgo biloba, an herbal supplement, has been used for centuries to improve memory and cognitive function. It’s often marketed as a natural remedy for Alzheimer’s, but the evidence doesn’t support these claims.

Why It’s Popular

Ginkgo biloba is believed to increase blood flow to the brain, and it has antioxidant properties. It is widely used in Europe and the U.S. as a supplement to improve memory and cognitive function.

Weak Evidence

Despite its popularity, large studies have shown that ginkgo biloba does not significantly reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer’s or slow its progression. For caregivers or individuals seeking alternatives, it is unlikely to be as effective as hoped.

Like other herbal supplements, it’s crucial to talk to your health care provider before starting ginkgo biloba, especially if you’re on other medications, as it may cause adverse effects like increased bleeding.

4. Vitamin D May Support Cognitive Function

Vitamin D is essential for bone health, but there’s growing interest in its role in cognitive health. Some research suggests that vitamin D may help reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s by protecting brain cells and aiding in the removal of amyloid plaques in the brain, a feature of the disease.

Potential Benefits

Studies suggest that people with low levels of vitamin D may be at a higher risk of cognitive decline. Supplementing with vitamin D may improve memory function and reduce oxidative stress, especially in those with mild cognitive impairment.

More Research Needed

While the connection between vitamin D and Alzheimer’s is still being explored, supplementation may be beneficial for those with low levels of the vitamin.

Before adding vitamin D supplements, consider having your levels tested to determine whether supplementation is necessary, as too much vitamin D can cause harm.

5. Multivitamins Can Support General Health

Multivitamins are a common choice for those looking to boost overall health, but can they reduce Alzheimer’s risk? A few studies suggest that daily multivitamins may offer slight cognitive benefits, especially in older adults.

General Health Support

While multivitamins won’t prevent Alzheimer’s, they may help fill gaps in nutrition, which can contribute to better brain health over time. They are especially useful for older adults who may struggle to maintain a balanced diet.

Limited Impact

Although some research shows slight cognitive benefits from daily multivitamin use, the evidence is not strong enough to recommend them solely for Alzheimer’s prevention. They can, however, support overall health and well-being.

Speak with a health care provider about whether a multivitamin might be a helpful addition to your daily routine, especially if you or a loved one is struggling with maintaining balanced nutrition.

6. Curcumin Lacks Strong Evidence

Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric, has gained attention for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It has been studied as a potential supplement to reduce the risk of Alzheimer’s or to slow its progression.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Inflammation in the brain is one of the factors contributing to Alzheimer’s. Curcumin may help reduce this inflammation, potentially offering protection against cognitive decline.

Lack of Strong Evidence

Despite its potential, there is not enough strong clinical evidence to support the widespread use of curcumin supplements for Alzheimer’s prevention. More research is needed to confirm its effectiveness in humans.

7. NAD+ Precursors Are Promising, but Still Experimental

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is found in all living cells. It plays a crucial role in cellular energy production and DNA repair. Some studies suggest that boosting NAD+ levels might help protect against cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s.

Potential Benefits

Scientists have studied how NAD+ precursors (a substance the body uses to create NAD+) can affect Alzheimer’s. Research suggests that it may improve cognitive function and slow brain cell damage in those with Alzheimer’s.

Early Stage Research

While this is a promising area of study, it is still in the experimental phase. There is not yet enough evidence to recommend NAD+ supplements for people with Alzheimer’s.

Consult your doctor before trying NAD+ precursors, as this is a newer, experimental supplement with limited human trials.

8. Supplements Are Not a Cure, and Some Could Be Harmful

One of the key concerns with supplements is that they are not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the same way that prescription medications are. This lack of oversight means that the contents of supplements may not always match what’s listed on the label, and their safety and effectiveness aren’t guaranteed.

Some supplements may interfere with prescribed Alzheimer’s medications or have unwanted side effects. Always consult a health care provider before starting any new supplement, especially if you’re caring for someone with Alzheimer’s. It’s crucial to do your research and choose supplements from reputable companies that adhere to good manufacturing practices and offer third-party testing.

Supplements Are a Tool, Not a Cure

While certain supplements, like omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin D, show some promise in supporting cognitive health, they are not a cure for Alzheimer’s. Their effectiveness remains inconsistent across studies, and without FDA regulation, the safety and quality of these products can vary. It’s essential to view supplements as just one component of a broader Alzheimer’s care plan that includes proper nutrition, physical activity, and regular medical appointments.

Caregivers and people with Alzheimer’s should always consult health care professionals before adding supplements to their routine.

Talk With Others Who Understand

On myALZteam, the social network for people with Alzheimer’s and their loved ones, more than 86,000 members come together to ask questions, give advice, and share their stories with others who understand life with Alzheimer’s.

Have you considered supplements to help with Alzheimer’s? Share your experience in the comments below, or start a conversation by posting on your Activities page.