In recent years, researchers have made important progress in understanding how the human brain works. In this process, researchers have identified potential links between different neurological conditions, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Alzheimer’s disease.

For caregivers and loved ones of individuals with Alzheimer’s, understanding these connections may provide valuable insights into your family member’s condition.

ADHD Overview

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that causes difficulties with executive functioning. This means individuals with ADHD often struggle to control their behavior, thoughts, or emotions. Common challenges include focusing for long periods of time, sitting still, or resisting impulsive behavior.

ADHD is most often diagnosed in childhood and affects roughly 11.4 percent of children in the U.S. Additionally, it’s estimated that 4.2 percent of American adults have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, although many remain undiagnosed.

ADHD is typically classified into three main types:

• Predominantly inattentive type
• Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type
• Combined type

The Link Between ADHD and Alzheimer’s

Recent studies have explored the potential connections between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer’s disease, raising important questions about the long-term effects of ADHD.

A 2023 study found that adults diagnosed ADHD may have a higher risk of developing dementia later on in life. Dementia is an umbrella term for cognitive decline, with Alzheimer’s accounting for roughly 60 percent to 80 percent of dementia cases.

The research followed more than 100,000 adults, both with and without an adult ADHD diagnosis, for 17 years. It found that adults with ADHD were 2.77 times more likely to be diagnosed with dementia than those without ADHD.

Another study from 2022 reported that adults with ADHD had an initial 2.92 times increased risk of developing dementia and a 6.21 times greater risk of mild cognitive impairment. However, when the analysis took into account coexisting psychiatric conditions, such as depression and anxiety, the risk was significantly lower."

Theories on the ADHD-Alzheimer’s Connection

While the exact connection between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer’s is not yet fully understood, researchers have proposed several theories.

Genetic Vulnerabilities

A study by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center suggests that genetic factors may increase the likelihood of having both ADHD and Alzheimer’s disease. While this link could explain the increased risk of Alzheimer’s in individuals with ADHD, further research is needed to confirm these findings.

Frontal Lobe Involvement

Both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Alzheimer’s disease affect the frontal lobe of the brain, which is responsible for executive functions such as attention, planning, and impulse control. The long-term impact of ADHD on the frontal lobe may contribute to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s later in life.

Chronic Stress and Inflammation

Managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder can lead to chronic stress and inflammation, which are risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.

Lifestyle Factors

Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder might engage in behaviors that are risk factors for Alzheimer’s, such as poor sleep habits, unhealthy diets, or lack of exercise.

ADHD Medications and Alzheimer’s Risk

A common concern for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is whether ADHD medications might increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease or worsen its symptoms. However, recent research indicates that there is no evidence to suggest that ADHD medications increase the risk of dementia or Alzheimer’s.

That said, information on the long-term effects of ADHD treatment remains limited, and more research is needed. If you have concerns about your medication or treatment plan, it’s important to consult with your health care provider before making any changes.

Next Steps if You Have ADHD

While having attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder may increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s, it doesn’t mean you’ll definitely get the disease. Many factors contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s, and more research is needed to understand this relationship better.

Here are some points to consider if you or a loved one has an attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder diagnosis:

Consider Overlap of Symptoms

Some cognitive symptoms of ADHD, like trouble concentrating and forgetfulness, can be similar to early signs of Alzheimer’s. This overlap can complicate diagnosis and treatment.

Maintain Brain-Healthy Habits

Adopting brain-healthy lifestyle habits, like regular exercise and staying socially active, can help protect against a decline in cognitive function.

Discuss Medications

Talk to your doctor if you have any concerns about your ADHD medications or treatments for other health conditions. Never stop taking any medications without consulting a health care professional first.

Talk to Your Doctor

If you have concerns about attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer’s, or their potential connection, consult your health care providers for personalized advice and care strategies. Staying informed and proactive can play a crucial role in maintaining your cognitive health or that of your family members.

Connect With Others Who Understand

On myALZteam, the social network for people with Alzheimer’s and their loved ones, more than 86,000 members come together to ask questions, give advice, and share their stories with others who understand life with Alzheimer’s.

Have you been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Have you discussed the link between ADHD and Alzheimer’s with your doctor? Share your experience in the comments below, or start a conversation by posting on your Activities page.